Rhetorical Synthesis: Common Goal Types

Notes:

• A body was found in 1991 in a gully in the Ötztal Alps, on the Italian side of the border.
• Radiocarbon dating puts the man's death at about 3300 BCE.
• A flint arrowhead is lodged in his left shoulder and had severed an artery.
• His copper axe is among the oldest complete examples known.
• Pollen in his gut shows he died in spring; his last meal included ibex meat and einkorn wheat.
• His clothing was made from at least five animal species, each worked into a different garment.

1. Pollen recovered from his gut places his death in spring, and his last meal included ibex meat and einkorn wheat.
2. The body of a man who died around 3300 BCE was found in 1991 in a gully high in the Ötztal Alps, preserved with his clothing and his copper axe.
3. His copper axe is among the oldest complete examples known, which tells us that metalworking had reached the Alps by that date.
4. The discovery transformed what archaeologists thought they knew about life in the Alpine Neolithic.

Same notes as above.

1. The man died in spring, as the pollen preserved in his gut shows.
2. The body was preserved well enough for a last meal of ibex and einkorn wheat to be identified.
3. The man was probably killed in a dispute, since he was carrying a valuable copper axe.
4. A flint arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder had cut an artery, and he bled to death.

Notes:

• Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 both launched in 1977; Voyager 2 left first but Voyager 1 reached Jupiter first.
• Voyager 1 flew past Jupiter and Saturn, and a close pass at Titan threw it out of the plane of the planets.
• Voyager 2 remains the only craft to have flown past Uranus and Neptune.
• Both carry a gold-plated record of sounds and images.
• Both run on radioisotope generators whose output falls a little every year.
• Both have crossed into interstellar space, Voyager 1 in 2012 and Voyager 2 in 2018.

1. Both craft launched in 1977, both carry a gold-plated record of sounds and images, and both now run on generators that weaken a little each year.
2. Voyager 1 was sent past Saturn's moon Titan, while Voyager 2 was sent on to Uranus and Neptune.
3. Voyager 2 left Earth first, but Voyager 1 reached Jupiter first and crossed into interstellar space six years earlier.
4. Both craft have outlasted every expectation held for them at launch.

Same notes as above.

1. Voyager 1 crossed into interstellar space in 2012 and Voyager 2 followed in 2018.
2. Both craft launched in 1977 and both are powered by generators whose output is falling.
3. Voyager 1's course was bent out of the plane of the planets by its pass at Titan, so it never reached Uranus or Neptune, which Voyager 2 alone has visited.
4. Voyager 2 took the longer route because mission planners wanted a look at the outer ice giants.

Notes:

• Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, usually only one strain each.
• Phage therapy stayed in use in the Soviet Union while the West turned to antibiotics.
• A phage has to be matched to the patient's own strain, which takes laboratory time.
• Bacteria evolve resistance to phages as they do to antibiotics.
• Resistance to a phage often costs the bacterium the surface protein the phage attaches to, and losing that protein can leave it more exposed to antibiotics.
• Regulators licence a medicine by fixed composition, and a matched phage preparation is not fixed.

1. Bacteria evolve resistance to phages, just as they evolve resistance to antibiotics.
2. Resistance to a phage is not a dead end, because the surface protein a bacterium gives up in order to resist can be the same one that keeps antibiotics out.
3. Each phage attacks only one strain, which is why a preparation has to be matched to the patient.
4. Phage therapy will eventually replace antibiotics once regulators find a way to licence it.

Notes:

• Coffee leaf rust is a fungus that attacks the leaves of Arabica plants.
• Arabica supplies most of the specialty market and grows best at high altitude.
• Robusta resists rust better and tolerates lower, warmer ground.
• Robusta carries roughly twice the caffeine of Arabica and a harsher flavour.
• Warming has carried rust up to altitudes it did not previously reach.
• Breeders have crossed the two species to move rust resistance into plants that taste like Arabica.

1. Robusta is the hardier of the two species, resisting rust better and tolerating warmer ground.
2. Arabica is prized for its flavour, while Robusta is often described as harsh and is much stronger.
3. Robusta's higher caffeine content is thought to be what makes it less palatable.
4. Robusta beans carry roughly twice the caffeine of Arabica beans.