What the opening comma promises
An opening phrase that has no subject of its own borrows one. It borrows the noun that comes immediately after the comma — not the noun that makes sense, not the noun the writer had in mind, but the one that is physically there.
The routine. Read only as far as the comma. Ask: who or what is doing this? Then look at the first noun after the comma. If they are not the same thing, the sentence is wrong, whatever the rest of it says. Do not read the four options until this question is settled.
Tiếng Việt cho phép lược chủ ngữ rất thoải mái: “Sau khi khai quật ba mùa, hiện vật được đưa về bảo tàng” nghe hoàn toàn bình thường. Tiếng Anh viết thì không — Having excavated for three seasons, the artifacts were sent to the museum nói rằng chính các hiện vật đã đi khai quật. Đây là chỗ thói quen tiếng mẹ đẻ đẩy học sinh vào đúng phương án sai, nên phải kiểm bằng luật chứ không bằng cảm giác.
Having been buried under volcanic ash for seventeen centuries,
- archaeologists found the frescoes remarkably intact
- the frescoes were remarkably intact when archaeologists reached them
- it was remarkable how intact the frescoes were
- the excavation revealed remarkably intact frescoes
What was buried for seventeen centuries? The frescoes. (A) makes the archaeologists the buried party, (C) offers the dummy it, and (D) buries the excavation. Only (B) puts the frescoes directly after the comma. Answer (B).
The passive voice manufactures danglers
Most wrong choices in this domain are passive or nominalized. A passive clause moves the doer out of subject position, so the opening phrase reaches for a subject and grabs the wrong noun.
Working with a spectrometer borrowed from a neighbouring laboratory,
- the pigment was identified as Egyptian blue
- it proved possible to identify the pigment
- the conservators identified the pigment as Egyptian blue
- identification of the pigment soon followed
A pigment cannot work with a spectrometer, nor can it or an identification. Only (C) supplies a subject capable of the action in the opening phrase. Answer (C).
Ba dạng phương án gần như luôn sai trong nhóm câu này: (1) câu bị động — the pigment was identified; (2) chủ ngữ giả it hoặc there; (3) danh từ hoá hành động — identification of the pigment. Thấy ba dạng đó đứng ngay sau cụm mở đầu là loại được trước khi đọc hết câu, vì cả ba đều không cung cấp được người thực hiện.
Infinitives of purpose need a doer too
An opening To + verb phrase states a purpose, and a purpose belongs to somebody. The subject after the comma must be the one who holds that purpose.
To measure a star's parallax reliably,
- six months must separate the two observations
- astronomers must separate the two observations by six months
- an interval of six months is necessary
- the two observations must be six months apart
Six months cannot hold a purpose, and neither can an interval or a pair of observations. The sentence needs the people who want to measure the parallax. Answer (B).
A physician trained in Vienna and later exiled to Istanbul,
- Ekrem's clinic became a refuge for other exiles
- the clinic Ekrem founded sheltered other exiles
- Ekrem founded a clinic that sheltered other exiles
- a refuge for other exiles was founded by Ekrem
The opening appositive renames a person, so a person must follow the comma. Ekrem's in (A) is a possessive modifier, not the noun in subject position — the subject there is clinic. Answer (C).
Bẫy tinh nhất của nhóm này là dạng sở hữu: Ekrem's clinic. Mắt đọc thấy tên người ngay sau dấu phẩy nên tưởng đã khớp. Nhưng chủ ngữ của câu là clinic, còn Ekrem's chỉ là từ bổ nghĩa. Quy tắc kiểm: đọc lại chủ ngữ bỏ hết mọi từ bổ nghĩa đứng trước nó.
One word, one slot: only, nearly, just, almost
These words attach to whatever follows them. Moving one a single position changes the claim the sentence makes, so the surrounding context — usually a clause after the semicolon or a contrasting phrase — decides where it belongs.
Only the survey recorded burials — nobody else recorded them.
The survey only recorded burials — it did nothing else with them.
The survey recorded only burials — it recorded nothing but burials.
The survey recorded burials only in the eastern half — nowhere else.
in the eastern half of the cemetery; the western half was never opened.
- The 1908 survey only recorded burials
- The 1908 survey recorded only burials
- Only the 1908 survey recorded burials
- The 1908 survey recorded burials only
The second clause contrasts two places, so the restriction is on location. (D) attaches only to the phrase naming the place. (A) restricts the activity, (B) restricts what was recorded, and (C) restricts who did the recording — all claims the second clause does not support. Answer (D).
Tiếng Việt đặt “chỉ” khá tự do và người nghe vẫn hiểu đúng nhờ ngữ cảnh, nên học sinh quen bỏ qua vị trí của only. Trong nhóm câu này thì ngược lại: bốn phương án dùng đúng cùng một bộ chữ, chỉ khác chỗ đặt, nên vị trí là toàn bộ nội dung câu hỏi. Cách làm là đọc mệnh đề đối lập — thường nằm sau dấu chấm phẩy hoặc sau but — rồi hỏi mệnh đề đó đang loại trừ cái gì: người, hành động, vật, hay nơi chốn.
Squinting modifiers and stranded relative clauses
A modifier sitting between two verbs can be read as belonging to either. That is a squinting modifier, and it is wrong even though every word is in a legal position.
produce measurably lower drift, a pattern that argues for shorter service intervals.
- Instruments that technicians recalibrate frequently
- Instruments that frequently technicians recalibrate
- Frequently, instruments that technicians recalibrate
- Instruments that technicians frequently recalibrate
In (A) frequently can attach backwards to recalibrate or forwards to produce. (B) puts an adverb between the relative pronoun and its subject. (C) makes the producing frequent, which the closing phrase about service intervals contradicts. (D) locks the adverb to recalibrate. Answer (D).
that the astronomer had observed the previous winter.
- The letter describes a comet in the margin of the almanac
- In the margin of the almanac the letter describes a comet
- The letter in the margin describes a comet of the almanac
- A comet is described by the letter in the almanac's margin
The relative clause must sit next to comet, the thing observed. (A) and (D) leave almanac and margin between the noun and its clause, so the astronomer appears to have observed a margin. (C) makes the comet belong to the almanac. Answer (B).
Một mệnh đề quan hệ luôn bám vào danh từ gần nhất phía trước nó, không bám vào danh từ mà người viết định nói tới. Khi phải chọn giữa bốn cách sắp xếp, việc đầu tiên là xác định mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ nào, rồi loại mọi phương án chèn danh từ khác vào giữa hai thứ đó.