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Đề SAT có lời giải · Information and Ideas

SAT Information and Ideas: Suy luận khi ba đáp án đều hợp lý — chọn cái chặt nhất

← Tất cả bộ đề SAT có lời giải
Digital SAT · Verbal Information and Ideas Mức Nâng cao 20 câu Có lời giải tiếng Việt

Bộ đề miễn phí gồm 20 câu Information and Ideas mức Nâng cao. Cả 20 câu đều xem được đáp án; 4 câu đầu có thêm lời giải từng bước và phần phân tích bẫy để bạn thẩm chất lượng trước. Đáp án để trong ô gập lại — tự làm trước rồi mới mở, làm ngược lại thì bộ đề coi như hỏng. Hướng dẫn giải cho toàn bộ kho nằm trong gói SAT PRO; còn cả kho đề thì làm miễn phí thoải mái trong app luyện SAT.

Dạng này hỏi gì và làm thế nào

Information and Ideas gom ba việc: tìm ý chính, suy luận trong phạm vi đoạn, và dùng dẫn chứng. Điểm chung của cả ba là không được bước ra ngoài văn bản — đáp án đúng luôn là thứ đoạn văn chống lưng được, không phải thứ đúng ngoài đời.

Với dạng dẫn chứng có bảng số liệu, hãy đọc tiêu đề bảng và tên cột trước, rồi mới đọc câu hỏi. Bốn đáp án thường đều "có trong bảng"; chỉ một cái phục vụ đúng luận điểm mà câu hỏi nêu.

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20 câu — 4 câu đầu có lời giải đầy đủ

Câu 1Nhận biếtTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
The account book of a glasshouse for the year 1780 lists purchases of potash in every month and purchases of sand in April and October only. Sand delivered to the yard could be stored dry for years without spoiling; potash drew moisture out of the air and was unusable within a few weeks of arriving. The furnace was charged with the two materials in a fixed proportion throughout the year, and the book records no month in which the furnace stood idle. The rhythm of the purchases therefore reflects ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. the relative cost of the two materials, since potash bought in every month of the year came to more than sand bought in only two.
  2. how long each material could be kept rather than how much of each the furnace consumed.
  3. a fall in glassmaking during the winter months, when no sand was delivered to the yard.
  4. the glasshouse's preference for suppliers close to the yard.
Xem đáp án và lời giải

Đáp án: B. how long each material could be kept rather than how much of each the furnace consumed.

Lập luận thuận: đoạn văn khoá cứng lượng dùng (tỉ lệ cố định, lò không nghỉ tháng nào) và để đúng một biến thay đổi giữa hai vật liệu — thời gian giữ được. Vậy nhịp mua chỉ có thể đang phản ánh biến đó.
(A) tính đúng số lần mua nhưng bước sang một đại lượng đoạn văn không cho: không có một con số giá nào, và mua thường xuyên hơn không suy ra được là đắt hơn khi tỉ lệ nạp lò đã cố định. (C) dùng đúng dữ kiện “không giao cát mùa đông” nhưng va thẳng vào câu “no month in which the furnace stood idle” — cát trữ được nhiều năm nên lò vẫn chạy suốt. (D) cần thêm dữ kiện về vị trí nhà cung cấp, đoạn văn không có.
Bẫy: Hỏi “nhịp mua phản ánh cái gì”, không hỏi “dùng bao nhiêu”. Đáp án đúng phải nói về việc lưu trữ, không về sản lượng.
Câu 2Nhận biếtTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
A publisher's ledger shows that of the 3,000 copies printed of a treatise on drainage in 1798, 2,400 were still in the warehouse five years later. The same ledger records that a rival treatise on the same subject, issued by the same house at the same price and advertised in the same three journals, was reprinted three times in those five years. Nothing in the ledger distinguishes the two books in paper, binding or trade discount. On this evidence the slow sale of the first treatise ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. cannot be attributed to its price or to a want of advertising.
  2. shows that readers had lost interest in drainage.
  3. was caused by the obscurity of its author.
  4. establishes that the treatise contained errors of fact.
Xem đáp án và lời giải

Đáp án: A. cannot be attributed to its price or to a want of advertising.

Lập luận thuận: giá, quảng cáo, nhà in, giấy, chiết khấu đều được giữ như nhau giữa hai cuốn, mà kết quả khác hẳn — nên đúng những thứ được giữ như nhau là những thứ bị loại khỏi danh sách nguyên nhân. Đó chính là điều (A) nói.
(B) bị chính cuốn kia bác: sách cùng đề tài tái bản ba lần. (C) và (D) đều là nguyên nhân có thể có ngoài đời nhưng phải mang thêm dữ kiện từ ngoài sổ vào.
Câu 3KhóTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
Milestones survive along a Roman road at intervals of one Roman mile for its whole length, except across nine miles where only the first and the last remain. That stretch runs through a district whose medieval parish churches are built of the same fine limestone the milestones were cut from, and no other source of cut stone lies within thirty miles of it. Excavation on the stretch has recovered the road surface itself, complete and of the usual construction. The gap in the sequence is therefore ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. evidence that the road was never finished through the district.
  2. the result of soil in the district being unusually destructive of stone.
  3. better explained by the later removal of the stones than by anything about the road.
  4. proof that the medieval parish churches of the district were built out of the missing milestones, no other source of cut stone lying within thirty miles.
Xem đáp án và lời giải

Đáp án: C. better explained by the later removal of the stones than by anything about the road.

Lập luận thuận: mặt đường vẫn còn nguyên và hai cột đầu cuối vẫn đứng, nên con đường có được đánh dấu; thứ biến mất là các khối đá, ở đúng một quãng nơi có nhu cầu đá xây và không có nguồn nào khác. Cách đọc đó giải thích được cả sự vắng mặt lẫn vị trí của nó.
(D) gom đủ mọi dữ kiện của (C) rồi đi thêm một nấc, và chính nấc ấy làm nó sai: đoạn văn cho CƠ HỘI và ĐỘNG CƠ — cùng loại đá, không nguồn nào khác trong ba mươi dặm — nhưng không cho một mảnh nào khớp được vào tường nhà thờ, nên “proof” là chữ đoạn văn chưa mua nổi. (A) mâu thuẫn với mặt đường đã đào thấy. (B) là giả thiết thêm — không có dữ liệu về đất.
Bẫy: (D) chỉ mạnh hơn (C) một nấc mà thành sai. “Có thể đã bị lấy đi” khác “chắc chắn nằm trong nhà thờ kia”.
Câu 4KhóTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
The ear stone of a fish adds one ring a year, and each ring locks in the chemistry of the water the fish lived in that year. Every fish netted in the upper river carries estuary chemistry in its first two rings and upper-river chemistry in every ring after that; not one shows the reverse order. The nets were set in the upper river only, and no fish were taken in the estuary. The rings establish that fish now living in the upper river began life in the estuary, but they ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. show that every member of the species moves upriver at the age of two.
  2. show that the estuary cannot support adult fish.
  3. cannot be used to work out the age of any individual fish.
  4. leave open whether fish that spend their whole lives in the estuary exist.
Xem đáp án và lời giải

Đáp án: D. leave open whether fish that spend their whole lives in the estuary exist.

Lập luận thuận: mọi cá được đo đều bị bắt ở thượng nguồn, nên mẫu chỉ chứa cá đã lên đến đó; cá ở lại cửa sông suốt đời không có cơ hội lọt vào mẫu, và không dữ liệu nào trong đoạn nói về chúng.
(A) trượt đúng chỗ đó — nói về “every member” trong khi mẫu chỉ đại diện cho một nhóm. (B) thêm một khẳng định về khả năng sống mà phép đo không chạm tới. (C) mâu thuẫn với câu mở đầu: mỗi năm một vòng thì đếm vòng ra tuổi.
Bẫy: Kết luận chỉ được rộng bằng cái lưới. Lưới đặt một chỗ thì kết luận cũng chỉ đúng cho chỗ đó.
Câu 5KhóTrắc nghiệm
A lichen spreads outward at a nearly fixed rate, so the width of a colony estimates how long the surface under it has lain exposed to the air. On one hillside the widest colonies growing on gravestones agree with the carved dates to within a few years. On the granite boulders scattered down the same slope the widest colonies are all of much the same width, one corresponding to about 240 years of growth. The boulders themselves are of rock formed long before. The boulder measurements indicate that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. the boulders came to lie exposed at about the same time, some 240 years ago.
  2. the lichen grows more slowly on granite than on gravestones.
  3. the boulders are about 240 years old, since the widest colonies growing on them all correspond to about that much growth.
  4. no colony of this lichen survives longer than 240 years.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: A. the boulders came to lie exposed at about the same time, some 240 years ago.

Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.

Câu 6KhóTrắc nghiệm
Dust trapped in an ice core comes from two sources that can be told apart chemically: ash thrown up by volcanoes and soil lifted off deserts by wind. In core sections covering the last glacial period, desert dust is about twenty times as abundant as in sections from the warm period that followed, while volcanic ash occurs in much the same quantity in both. Both kinds of dust are carried and deposited by the same atmospheric route. The contrast implies that the difference in total dust between the two periods ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. was produced by more frequent eruptions during the glacial period.
  2. shows that the deserts were colder during the glacial period.
  3. arises at the sources rather than in the delivery of dust to the ice.
  4. means that the ice itself piled up more slowly during the glacial period.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: C. arises at the sources rather than in the delivery of dust to the ice.

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Câu 7KhóTrắc nghiệm
Fifteen clay tablets from a scribal school carry student copies of the same hymn. In fourteen of them the same three lines are absent, and in every one of the fourteen the place where those lines would stand falls exactly on a patch where the surface of the tablet has flaked away. The fifteenth tablet, whose surface is intact, carries all the lines in their place. Editors had proposed that the three lines were added to the hymn by a later hand. The fifteenth tablet indicates that the absence of the lines from the other fourteen ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. shows that pupils were not required to copy the hymn to the end.
  2. is a fact about the condition of the tablets rather than about the history of the hymn.
  3. means that the fourteen tablets were copied later than the fifteenth, from an exemplar that already lacked the three lines.
  4. establishes that the three lines were composed by the school's founder.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: B. is a fact about the condition of the tablets rather than about the history of the hymn.

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Câu 8KhóTrắc nghiệm
An earwax plug from a baleen whale lays down one layer every six months, and each layer holds the level of a stress hormone circulating in the animal at the time. Plugs taken from whales killed between 1870 and 1970 show hormone levels rising and falling in step with the number of whales caught worldwide in each of those years. The same plugs show a further rise after 1970, by which time catches had almost ceased, and that rise runs alongside a measured rise in shipping noise. The record indicates that the hormone in these animals ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. rose only in periods of intensive whaling.
  2. is a dependable measure of the size of the whale population.
  3. shows shipping noise to be more damaging to whales than whaling was.
  4. answers to more than one kind of disturbance.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: D. answers to more than one kind of disturbance.

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Câu 9KhóTrắc nghiệm
Two batches of soy paste were made from one lot of beans in one vessel type. The first sat in a cellar held at 12 °C; the second sat in a room that fell to 8 °C at night and reached 26 °C in the afternoon, averaging 12 °C over the eleven months. Both reached the same final acidity. Tasters told the two apart reliably in blind trials, and analysis found that the fluctuating batch held four times as much of the compounds made by a second group of microbes, which work only above 20 °C. The comparison suggests that in this process ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. the mean temperature does not by itself settle what the paste becomes.
  2. fluctuating temperatures produce a better paste.
  3. acidity is the wrong thing to measure in a fermentation.
  4. the second group of microbes is what drives the acidity.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: A. the mean temperature does not by itself settle what the paste becomes.

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Câu 10KhóTrắc nghiệm
Meteorites are sorted into falls, picked up after someone watched them land, and finds, picked up later by chance with no witness. Among falls, about one in twenty is of the iron kind; among finds recovered from temperate farmland, about one in three is. Iron meteorites resist weathering for far longer than stony ones and stand out sharply against ploughed soil, while a weathered stony meteorite is hard to tell from an ordinary cobble. The difference between the two proportions is therefore ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. evidence that iron meteorites have grown more common in recent centuries.
  2. the effect of the greater mass of iron meteorites.
  3. a fact about how meteorites come to be collected rather than about what reaches the ground.
  4. proof that stony meteorites do not survive at all in ploughed farmland, since a weathered one cannot be told from an ordinary cobble.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: C. a fact about how meteorites come to be collected rather than about what reaches the ground.

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Câu 11Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
Recordings across a valley show two song dialects meeting at a river. Young males taken into captivity as nestlings and played only recordings of the far-bank dialect sang that dialect as adults, though their own fathers sang the near-bank one. Nestlings swapped between banks in the wild also grew up singing the dialect of the bank that raised them. No difference has been found between the two populations in any other measured trait. Given these results, the boundary at the river ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. shows that the two populations can no longer interbreed.
  2. rests on a difference in the song the birds inherit.
  3. means the river prevents the birds from crossing the valley.
  4. tracks what young birds hear rather than what they are born with.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: D. tracks what young birds hear rather than what they are born with.

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Câu 12Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
In a twelfth-century gospel book the gold on the initials lies over a red-brown ground in every gathering but the fourth, where it sits straight on the parchment. The script is one hand throughout, and the other pigments used in the fourth gathering match those used elsewhere in the book. The red-brown ground is the standard preparation of the workshop named in the colophon, 200 km to the south, and is found on every other manuscript from that house. Gold was bought in quantity for the volume, according to a surviving bill. The gilding of the fourth gathering most likely indicates ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. that the fourth gathering was written by a second scribe.
  2. that the gilding of that gathering was done by someone outside the workshop's routine.
  3. that the colophon's statement about where the book was made is false, since the red-brown ground appears on every other manuscript from that house.
  4. that gold ran short while the fourth gathering was in hand.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: B. that the gilding of that gathering was done by someone outside the workshop's routine.

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Câu 13Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
A mill's injury book records 46 injuries in 1841 and 12 in 1851. In 1846 the mill began paying a week's wages to any worker kept from work by an injury, and from the same date required a foreman's signature on every entry before it was accepted. The number of workers, the machines in use and the hours worked were the same in the two years, and the book is the only record that survives. Taken by itself, the fall in the recorded number ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. shows that the mill grew safer after 1846, since the number of workers, the machines and the hours worked were the same in the two years.
  2. shows that the mill grew more dangerous after 1846.
  3. cannot tell a change in the workplace apart from a change in what reached the book.
  4. suggests that foremen were injured less often than other workers.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: C. cannot tell a change in the workplace apart from a change in what reached the book.

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Câu 14Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
A tidal mill on an estuary ground grain from 1620. Its accounts show 280 working days a year in the 1620s and 96 by the 1700s. Over the same span, surveys record the depth of water the mill pond held at high tide falling from 2.4 m to 0.9 m as silt accumulated. The mill's gearing and wheel were renewed twice in that period, in 1661 and in 1698. The tidal range of the estuary is set by the ocean and did not change. The decline in working days is best attributed to ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. the loss of the water the pond could hold, rather than to the machinery or the tides.
  2. a fall in the amount of grain grown in the district.
  3. a reduction in the tidal range of the estuary.
  4. the wearing out of the machinery, which had to be renewed in 1661 and again in 1698 as the working days fell away.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: A. the loss of the water the pond could hold, rather than to the machinery or the tides.

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Câu 15Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
The red pigment in the figures painted on a cave wall comes from an ochre outcrop 40 km away, matched by trace elements. The black comes from charcoal of a pine that grew at the cave mouth, matched by species and by radiocarbon. Both pigments appear inside single figures, and the layering shows the figures were painted in one episode. It has been argued that the painters were a group passing through rather than a group living at the cave. On the evidence of the pigments alone, what can be said is that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. the painters lived at the cave the year round.
  2. the red pigment reached the cave by trade rather than by being fetched, the ochre outcrop lying 40 km from the painted wall.
  3. the figures were the work of two separate groups.
  4. one material used in a single episode came from far off and another from the cave mouth itself.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: D. one material used in a single episode came from far off and another from the cave mouth itself.

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Câu 16Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
An operating company's registers give, for each locomotive, the boiler pressure it carried and the number of leaking tubes found at each inspection. Locomotives working at higher pressure leaked more often. The registers also show that every high-pressure locomotive was among the newest in the fleet and that all of them were assigned to the steepest route, on which locomotives of every class, old and new, leaked more often than on the level route. No locomotive worked both routes. The registers therefore ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. show that higher boiler pressure causes more tubes to leak.
  2. leave the effect of pressure tangled with the effect of the route.
  3. show that newer locomotives were less reliable than older ones.
  4. show that the steep route damages boilers permanently.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: B. leave the effect of pressure tangled with the effect of the route.

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Câu 17Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
A national library's shelf list records that it holds 96 percent of the books printed in the country in 1890 and 11 percent of those printed in 1790. Legal deposit, the rule obliging every printer to send the library a copy of everything it printed, took effect in 1869 and has been enforced since. Before 1869 the library acquired books by purchase and by gift. Historians who count the library's holdings decade by decade in order to measure how much was printed ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. are tracking the library's changing power to acquire books as much as the output of the presses.
  2. will overstate the output of the 1790s relative to that of the 1890s.
  3. should treat the figure for 1890 as the less trustworthy of the two.
  4. can put the problem right by counting only those books that survive in more than one copy, so that chance losses do not distort the totals.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: A. are tracking the library's changing power to acquire books as much as the output of the presses.

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Câu 18Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
Nest boxes were put up across a meadow, and within two seasons the number of pairs of a hole-nesting bird breeding in the meadow rose from 14 to 43. Counts in the woodland surrounding the meadow, where no boxes were put up and where the birds nest in old woodpecker holes, fell over the same two seasons from 96 pairs to 67. The two areas were counted by the same observers using the same method, and the regional total was unchanged. So far as these counts go, the boxes ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. had no effect on where the birds nested.
  2. raised the number of breeding pairs across the region.
  3. moved breeding pairs about rather than adding to them.
  4. show that the woodland is unsuitable for the species.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: C. moved breeding pairs about rather than adding to them.

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Câu 19Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
A water utility replaced the meters in half of its districts, chosen at random, with meters that register the small flows the old ones let past. In the following year, billed consumption in the replaced districts rose 9 percent, while in the districts still on old meters it did not move. The volume of water the treatment works put into the network was unchanged, and the utility's own leak surveys found no change in losses from the mains. The rise in billed consumption most likely means that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. households in those districts drew more water once their meters were changed.
  2. water those households were already drawing is now being registered.
  3. the new meters register small flows as larger than they are.
  4. losses from the mains fell during the year.
Xem đáp án

Đáp án: B. water those households were already drawing is now being registered.

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Câu 20Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
Of the 1,200 stone tools a museum holds from one region, 900 come from three river valleys that were dredged for gravel in the 1930s. Field survey since 2000 has found tools on the plateau between the valleys at a density comparable to that of the valley floors, but the plateau has never been dredged, quarried or deep-ploughed, and no collection from it entered the museum before 2000. A researcher wants to know where people in the region concentrated. The distribution of the museum's collection ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?
  1. shows that people concentrated in the river valleys.
  2. indicates that the plateau was settled later than the valleys.
  3. rests on too small a sample, 1,200 tools being too few to show where people in the region concentrated.
  4. follows where the ground has been disturbed rather than where people lived.
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Đáp án: D. follows where the ground has been disturbed rather than where people lived.

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