← Tất cả bộ đề SAT có lời giải
Digital SAT · Verbal
Information and Ideas
Mức Nền tảng
18 câu
Có lời giải tiếng Việt
Bộ đề miễn phí gồm 18 câu Information and Ideas mức Nền tảng. Cả 18 câu đều
xem được đáp án; 4 câu đầu có thêm lời giải từng bước và phần phân tích bẫy
để bạn thẩm chất lượng trước. Đáp án để trong ô gập lại — tự làm trước rồi mới mở, làm ngược lại thì bộ đề
coi như hỏng. Hướng dẫn giải cho toàn bộ kho nằm trong gói SAT PRO; còn cả kho đề
thì làm miễn phí thoải mái trong app luyện SAT.
Dạng này hỏi gì và làm thế nào
Information and Ideas gom ba việc: tìm ý chính, suy luận trong phạm vi đoạn, và dùng
dẫn chứng. Điểm chung của cả ba là không được bước ra ngoài văn bản — đáp án đúng luôn là thứ đoạn văn
chống lưng được, không phải thứ đúng ngoài đời.
Với dạng dẫn chứng có bảng số liệu, hãy đọc tiêu đề bảng và tên cột trước, rồi mới đọc
câu hỏi. Bốn đáp án thường đều "có trong bảng"; chỉ một cái phục vụ đúng luận điểm mà câu hỏi nêu.
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18 câu — 4 câu đầu có lời giải đầy đủ
Câu 1Nhận biếtTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
Roman harbour concrete has outlasted modern concrete in seawater, and the explanation was long assumed to lie in the volcanic ash the Romans used. Analysis of core samples suggests something less flattering to Roman planning: the mortar contains lumps of poorly mixed lime, and when seawater reaches a crack it dissolves those lumps and redeposits the mineral, sealing the crack. What looks like superior craft may be the accidental benefit of careless mixing.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The durability of Roman concrete may come from a flaw in the mixing rather than from design.
- Volcanic ash is what makes Roman harbour concrete resistant to seawater, as researchers had long assumed it must be.
- Roman harbour concrete has survived centuries of seawater better than the modern concrete used in harbours today.
- Seawater works its way into cracks in concrete and widens them over time.
Xem đáp án và lời giải
Đáp án: A. The durability of Roman concrete may come from a flaw in the mixing rather than from design.
(C) is the setup — the fact the passage sets out to explain, not the explanation itself. (B) is the assumption the passage displaces. (D) reverses the text, which says the seawater seals the crack. The pivot (“something less flattering”) plus the payoff (“accidental benefit”) gives (A).
Bẫy: (C) đúng và nằm ngay câu đầu nên đọc lên thấy quen. Câu mở đầu gần như luôn là phần dựng cảnh, không phải ý chính.
Câu 2Nhận biếtTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
A city widened a congested avenue from four lanes to six and expected travel times to fall. For three months they did. By the end of the first year the average trip along the avenue took slightly longer than before the work began: drivers who had used side streets or travelled off-peak moved onto the widened road, and the extra capacity filled. Planners call the pattern induced demand.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Travel times along the avenue fell for the first three months after the road was widened from four lanes to six.
- Adding road capacity tends to attract new traffic that erases the expected gains.
- Drivers prefer a wide main avenue to narrow side streets when both are open.
- Cities should stop investing in road construction and put the money into other forms of transport instead.
Xem đáp án và lời giải
Đáp án: B. Adding road capacity tends to attract new traffic that erases the expected gains.
(A) is true and is exactly the part of the story the passage goes on to overturn. (C) is a fair inference from one clause, but it explains only where the new traffic came from — too narrow. (D) is a policy conclusion the text never draws. Only (B) covers the prediction, the reversal and the reason for it.
Câu 3Nhận biếtTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, yet roughly a quarter of all marine fish species depend on them at some stage of life. That concentration is what makes reef degradation consequential far beyond the reef itself: when a reef fails, the fisheries of the surrounding region lose their nursery, and catches drop in waters where no coral ever grew.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the ocean floor, a very small share of the world's seabed.
- About a quarter of all marine fish species spend their entire lives on coral reefs rather than in open water.
- Because reefs support a large share of marine fish, their decline reaches fisheries far from any reef.
- Fish catches are falling across many parts of the world's oceans, in reef waters and in open water alike.
Xem đáp án và lời giải
Đáp án: C. Because reefs support a large share of marine fish, their decline reaches fisheries far from any reef.
(A) is one half of a contrast whose point lies in the other half. (B) turns “at some stage of life” into “entire lives” — a scope shift, and false as written. (D) is a general claim the passage does not make; it speaks only of waters near a failing reef.
Bẫy: Đổi “at some stage of life” thành “entire lives” là bẫy đổi phạm vi, rất hay gặp ở dạng chi tiết lẫn ý chính.
Câu 4KhóTrắc nghiệmcó lời giải
Lichens were long defined as a partnership between one fungus and one alga. Genetic sampling of a common lichen has repeatedly turned up a second fungus, from an entirely different group, embedded in the outer layer of nearly every specimen tested. Its presence went unnoticed because it does not form the structures taxonomists use to identify fungi. Whether it is a partner or a passenger is unsettled, but the two-organism definition no longer describes what is actually growing on the rock.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- A newly detected third organism undermines the standard two-organism definition of a lichen.
- Lichens are commonly found growing on exposed rock, where they can persist for many years.
- The second fungus escaped detection for so long because it does not form the structures taxonomists rely on to identify fungi.
- Researchers have established that the second fungus is a full partner in the lichen rather than a passenger carried along by it.
Xem đáp án và lời giải
Đáp án: A. A newly detected third organism undermines the standard two-organism definition of a lichen.
(C) is true but explains only why the finding is new, not why it matters. (D) contradicts “unsettled”. (B) is scenery. The final clause carries the payoff, and only (A) reaches it.
Câu 5KhóTrắc nghiệm
A conservation programme released captive-bred oysters onto a degraded reef and reported that after two years the reef's oyster density had tripled. Density is a convenient measure because it is easy to count. It is also easy to inflate: the released animals were counted alongside wild ones, and a follow-up survey found that fewer than one in ten of the released oysters had reproduced. A reef can be dense with oysters and still be failing, if the population cannot renew itself without further releases.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The reef's oyster density tripled in the two years after captive-bred animals were released onto it.
- Oyster density is easier to count than the rate at which the oysters reproduce.
- Captive breeding is ineffective as a method of shellfish restoration and should be abandoned in favour of other approaches.
- A rise in oyster density can conceal a population that is not reproducing on its own.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: D. A rise in oyster density can conceal a population that is not reproducing on its own.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 6KhóTrắc nghiệm
The city archive holds two censuses of the same district taken eleven months apart. The first counts 4,180 residents; the second, 2,940. Neither enumerator was careless. The first was taken in February, when seasonal workers filled the boarding houses; the second in December, after they had gone. The district did not lose a third of its population in a year. It had two populations, and each census caught one of them.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The two censuses of the same district differ by more than a thousand residents, 4,180 against 2,940.
- One of the two enumerators must have miscounted, since a district cannot lose a third of its residents in eleven months.
- Seasonal workers in the district lodged in boarding houses rather than in houses of their own.
- The gap between the two counts reflects seasonal movement rather than a real loss of population.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: D. The gap between the two counts reflects seasonal movement rather than a real loss of population.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 7KhóTrắc nghiệm
Historians of the early printing trade often describe the printed book as an instrument of standardisation: identical copies, identical texts, an end to scribal drift. Records from a sixteenth-century Antwerp workshop complicate the claim. Corrections were made while a run was in progress, so sheets printed on Monday differ from sheets printed on Friday, and finished books were assembled from whatever sheets were at hand. Of forty surviving copies of one edition, no two are textually identical.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Forty separate copies of one sixteenth-century Antwerp edition have survived to the present day.
- Printers of the period corrected errors while a run was under way, so sheets from different days differ.
- Early printing did not by itself produce identical copies, so standardisation was not a property of the press.
- Printed books of the period were less reliable than the manuscripts scribes had copied by hand before them.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: C. Early printing did not by itself produce identical copies, so standardisation was not a property of the press.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 8KhóTrắc nghiệm
Sponsors of a job-training programme reported that graduates earned, on average, 22 percent more a year after finishing than they had before entering. The figure is accurate. It is also uninformative, because the programme admitted applicants who had recently lost work, and earnings for that group rise substantially in the year after a job loss whether or not any training occurs. Without a comparison group of similar applicants who were not admitted, the 22 percent describes the shape of a career interruption, not the effect of a programme.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The reported earnings gain cannot be credited to the training without a comparison group.
- The programme admitted applicants who had recently lost work, a group whose earnings tend to rise in the following year.
- Graduates earned 22 percent more in the year after finishing than they had before entering.
- Job-training programmes of this kind do not raise the earnings of the people who complete them, whatever their sponsors report.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: A. The reported earnings gain cannot be credited to the training without a comparison group.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 9KhóTrắc nghiệm
A museum installed touchscreens beside twelve paintings, each offering three minutes of background on the artist. Visitor tracking showed that people who used a screen spent longer in the gallery overall but less time looking at the painting beside it: on average their eyes were on the canvas for eleven seconds, against thirty-four seconds for visitors who walked past the screens. The screens did not compete with the exhibits for space. They competed for the one resource the gallery cannot expand.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Visitors who used the touchscreens stayed longer in the gallery overall than visitors who walked straight past them.
- The touchscreens took up no additional floor space in the gallery itself.
- The touchscreens drew visitors' attention away from the paintings they were meant to explain.
- Museums should remove interactive displays from their galleries and let visitors look at the works undisturbed.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: C. The touchscreens drew visitors' attention away from the paintings they were meant to explain.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 10KhóTrắc nghiệm
A bridge inspection programme rated 900 spans on a five-point scale and reported that the share rated “poor” had fallen by half in six years. Inspectors, however, had been instructed midway through the period to reserve the lowest rating for spans with confirmed structural loss rather than for spans showing severe surface damage. Roughly the same bridges were being inspected; the rating that described them had changed.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The apparent improvement in the ratings reflects a redefinition of the lowest rating rather than better bridges.
- Inspectors received new instructions partway through the six-year programme about which spans should receive the lowest rating.
- The share of the 900 inspected spans rated “poor” fell by half over the six years the programme ran.
- A five-point scale is too coarse an instrument for assessing the structural condition of nine hundred bridges.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: A. The apparent improvement in the ratings reflects a redefinition of the lowest rating rather than better bridges.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 11KhóTrắc nghiệm
Reintroducing wolves to a valley is often credited with restoring its willow stands: fewer elk browsing, more willow. In one valley the willows did recover and the wolves did return, but the recovery tracked the water table more closely than it tracked elk numbers. Beavers, absent for decades, had recolonised the same stretch and raised the water level. Where beavers stayed away, willows remained stunted even on ground the elk had abandoned.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Wolves reduce the pressure that browsing elk place on willow stands, so willows recover where wolves return.
- Willow recovery in the valley followed changes in the water table, so the return of wolves does not by itself account for it.
- Beavers had been absent from that stretch of the valley for several decades before recolonising it and raising the water level.
- The return of the wolves had no effect at all on the vegetation of the valley, which recovered for reasons of its own.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: B. Willow recovery in the valley followed changes in the water table, so the return of wolves does not by itself account for it.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 12Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
Two accounts of the 1889 strike survive. The union's minute book records a disciplined, unanimous walkout; the mill owner's letters describe a chaotic week in which half the workforce came and went. Neither document is lying. The minute book records decisions taken at meetings, which were disciplined and were unanimous; the letters record what happened at the mill gate, where attendance was ragged. The disagreement is not about facts but about which part of an event each writer was placed to see.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The union's minute book and the owner's letters give contradictory accounts of what happened during the strike.
- The mill owner's letters are a less reliable record of the strike than the union's minute book is.
- The two accounts differ because each writer observed a different part of the strike, not because either is inaccurate.
- Attendance at the mill gate during the strike week was ragged, with half the workforce coming and going.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: C. The two accounts differ because each writer observed a different part of the strike, not because either is inaccurate.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 13Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
A common claim holds that people today can concentrate for shorter periods than earlier generations. The evidence usually offered is a set of figures on average time spent on a web page, which fell over two decades. But the number of pages available rose by orders of magnitude over the same period, and a reader who abandons a page in four seconds may be searching efficiently rather than failing to concentrate. Time on page measures how fast a reader rejects something, and rejection is not the opposite of attention.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The average time a reader spends on a web page has fallen over the past two decades.
- People today are able to concentrate for shorter periods than earlier generations could, as the figures on time spent per page show.
- The number of web pages available to any reader has grown by orders of magnitude over the same twenty years.
- The statistic used to show shrinking attention may be measuring efficient rejection instead.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: D. The statistic used to show shrinking attention may be measuring efficient rejection instead.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 14Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
The letters the young philosopher sent home from his lodgings in rural France run to a few dozen pages and mention his book exactly twice, both times in a single clause, both times to say it was going slowly. He wrote at length instead about the price of coal, the manners of his landlady, and the difficulty of obtaining tea. A biographer looking in these letters for the composition of the book will find almost nothing. A biographer looking for how a man with no income stayed abroad three years in order to write it will find a great deal.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The philosopher's letters mention the book he was writing only twice, and both times only to say it went slowly.
- The philosopher found it hard to obtain tea, and complained about it, while he was lodging in rural France.
- The letters are of little use to anyone writing about the philosopher's life or about the making of his book.
- The letters are unhelpful about the book's composition but valuable as a record of how its author supported himself.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: D. The letters are unhelpful about the book's composition but valuable as a record of how its author supported himself.
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Câu 15Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
Every account of the eruption repeats the figure of eighteen hours between the first tremor and the collapse of the north face. The figure comes from a single observer's diary, transcribed in 1903 by an editor who silently converted local time to the capital's standard time and, in one place, misread a 3 as an 8. When the seismic record was finally matched to the diary in the 1990s, it gave thirteen hours. The eighteen-hour figure has appeared in every general history written since.
What is the main purpose of the text?
- To describe the sequence of events between the first tremor and the collapse of the north face.
- To trace a widely repeated figure to a transcription error and note that it survives correction.
- To criticise the observer whose diary supplied the eighteen-hour figure repeated ever since.
- To explain how seismic records are matched against historical documents such as diaries.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: B. To trace a widely repeated figure to a transcription error and note that it survives correction.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 16Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
The composer's late quartets were dismissed in her lifetime as arid, and the reviews single out the same feature every time: long stretches in which one instrument holds a single note while the others move around it. Performers of the period played those passages metronomically, which is what the notation on its own suggests. A set of the composer's own rehearsal markings, catalogued only recently, asks for the held note to swell and fade. Played that way, the passages the reviewers called empty are the ones that carry the movement.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Newly catalogued performance instructions suggest the passages critics found empty were being played in a way the composer had not intended.
- Composers' own rehearsal markings are often catalogued only long after their deaths, sometimes more than a century later.
- The composer's late quartets were dismissed as arid by reviewers throughout her lifetime.
- The late quartets place unusual technical demands on the performers, above all on whichever player must hold a single note while the others move around it.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: A. Newly catalogued performance instructions suggest the passages critics found empty were being played in a way the composer had not intended.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 17Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
Fieldworkers recording an endangered language have produced a dictionary of nine thousand entries and a grammar of four hundred pages. Both are drawn from the speech of eleven people, all over seventy, all from one village. The materials are precise and will outlast their speakers. They also describe a version of the language spoken by people who learned it before the road came through, and the two hundred younger semi-speakers in the next valley use forms that appear nowhere in the grammar.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- The fieldworkers' dictionary of nine thousand entries and grammar of four hundred pages are unusually detailed for an endangered language.
- The documentation is accurate but records only one variety of a language that has since changed.
- The two hundred younger speakers in the next valley have stopped using the language altogether.
- Endangered languages should be documented thoroughly before the last speakers who learned them as children die.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: B. The documentation is accurate but records only one variety of a language that has since changed.
Hướng dẫn giải từng bước của câu này nằm trong gói SAT PRO.
Câu 18Rất khóTrắc nghiệm
The gallery's catalogue lists the portrait as a self-portrait, on the strength of the sitter's direct gaze and the position of the hands, which fall where a mirror would put them. Pigment analysis has since shown that the canvas was prepared in a workshop that supplied a dozen painters, and an inventory from the following year records the picture among works painted after another artist's likeness. The gaze and the hands remain what they were; what has changed is that they no longer point anywhere in particular.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
- Pigment analysis established that the portrait's canvas was prepared in a workshop supplying a dozen painters.
- A direct gaze and mirrored hands are typical features of self-portraits.
- New documentary and material evidence removes the basis for calling the portrait a self-portrait.
- The gallery's catalogue contains a number of works attributed to the wrong artist or the wrong kind of picture.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án: C. New documentary and material evidence removes the basis for calling the portrait a self-portrait.
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